Country data modelled on PolDem-30 (Kriesi et al. 2020) and ACLED Europe. German regional data on Pomerenke 2023 (zenodo.org/records/10094245). Italian regional data on ACLED Italy and della Porta (2004). French/UK/Spanish regional data on PolDem-6 and ACLED. Synthetic samples preserve empirical power-law parameters. α fitted by MLE (x≥50).